Category: System and System Software’s Update and Patch (系统和系统软件的更新和补丁)

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[步骤] SLES 到 SUSE 官网的注册和取消注册

正文：

步骤一：注册到 SLES 官网

# SUSEConnect -r <ActivationCode> -e <EmailAddress>

（补充：这里的 <ActivationCode> 和 <EmailAddress> 是在注册了 SUSE 账号并购买了对应的的订阅以后获得）

内容二：取消注册 SLES 到 SUSE 官网

2.1 取消注册 SLES 到 SUSE 官网

# SUSEConnect –de-register

或者：

# SUSEConnect -d

2.2 清空客户端与 SUSE 官网相关的缓存

# SUSEConnect --cleanup

2.3 删除客户端与 SUSE 官网相关的文件

# rm -f /etc/SUSEConnect
# rm -rf /etc/zypp/credentials.d/*
# rm -rf /etc/zypp/repos.d/*
# rm -f /etc/zypp/services.d/*

参考文献：

https://www.suse.com/support/kb/doc/?id=000018564

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[步骤] 系统升级 （从 openSUSE Leap 15.4 升级到 openSUSE Leap 15.5）

步骤一：显示现在的系统版本

# cat /etc/*release*
NAME="openSUSE Leap"
VERSION="15.4"
ID="opensuse-leap"
ID_LIKE="suse opensuse"
VERSION_ID="15.4"
PRETTY_NAME="openSUSE Leap 15.4"
ANSI_COLOR="0;32"
CPE_NAME="cpe:/o:opensuse:leap:15.4"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.opensuse.org"
HOME_URL="https://www.opensuse.org/"

（注意：确保显示的系统版本是 openSUSE Leap 15.4）

步骤二：准备升级

2.1 确认已使用的软件库

# zypper ls -d
#  | Alias                     | Name                               | Enabled | GPG Check | Refresh | Priority | Type   | URI
---+---------------------------+------------------------------------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1  | repo-non-oss              | Non-OSS Repository                                           | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/leap/15.4/repo/non-oss/
2  | repo-oss                  | Main Repository                                              | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/leap/15.4/repo/oss/
3  | repo-update               | Main Update Repository                                       | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/15.4/oss/
4  | repo-update-non-oss       | Update Repository (Non-Oss)                                  | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/15.4/non-oss/
5  | repo-backports-update     | Update repository of openSUSE Backports                      | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/15.4/backports/
6  | repo-sle-update           | Update repository with updates from SUSE Linux Enterprise 15 | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/15.4/sle/

（
补充：
1) 确保以上软件库已处于 Enabled 状态
2) 手动启动这些软件库的命令如下

# zypper ar -fcg http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/leap/${releasever}/repo/non-oss/ Non-OSS Repository
# zypper ar -fcg http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/leap/${releasever}/repo/oss/ Main Repository
# zypper ar -fcg http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/${releasever}/oss/ Main Update Repository
# zypper ar -fcg http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/${releasever}/non-oss/ Update Repository (Non-Oss)
# zypper ar -fcg http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/${releasever}/backports/ Update repository of openSUSE Backports
# zypper ar -fcg http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/${releasever}/sle/ Update repository with updates from SUSE Linux Enterprise 15

3) 其中，Main Repository、Main Update Repository、Update repository of openSUSE Backports 和 Update repository with updates from SUSE Linux Enterprise 15 软件库是必须要有的，其他的软件库可以去掉

）

2.2 刷新已使用的软件库

# zypper ref

（注意：确保刷新成功，否则请检查网络）

2.3 将所有 openSUSE Leap 15.4 软件包更新到最新版本

# zypper -n update

2.4 用 releasever 变量替换所有版本号

# sed -i 's/15.4/${releasever}/g' /etc/zypp/repos.d/*.repo

步骤三：升级系统

3.1 将版本号设置为 15.5 并刷新

# zypper --releasever=15.5 refresh

3.2 提前下载并安装 openSUSE Leap 15.5 所需的软件包

# zypper --releasever=15.5 dup --download-in-advance

3.3 升级系统

# zypper --releasever=15.5 dup

3.4 重启系统

# reboot

步骤四：后续检查

4.1 显示升级后的系统版本

# cat /etc/*release*
NAME="openSUSE Leap"
VERSION="15.5"
ID="opensuse-leap"
ID_LIKE="suse opensuse"
VERSION_ID="15.5"
PRETTY_NAME="openSUSE Leap 15.5"
ANSI_COLOR="0;32"
CPE_NAME="cpe:/o:opensuse:leap:15.5"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.opensuse.org"
HOME_URL="https://www.opensuse.org/"

4.2 显示升级后已使用的软件库

# zypper ls -d
#  | Alias                     | Name                                                         | Enabled | GPG Check | Refresh | Priority | Type   | URI
---+---------------------------+------------------------------------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1  | repo-non-oss              | Non-OSS Repository                                           | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/leap/15.5/repo/non-oss/
2  | repo-oss                  | Main Repository                                              | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/leap/15.5/repo/oss/
3  | repo-update               | Main Update Repository                                       | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/15.5/oss/
4  | repo-update-non-oss       | Update Repository (Non-Oss)                                  | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/15.5/non-oss/
5  | repo-backports-update     | Update repository of openSUSE Backports                      | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/15.5/backports/
6  | repo-sle-update           | Update repository with updates from SUSE Linux Enterprise 15 | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/15.5/sle/

（补充：其中，Main Repository、Main Update Repository、Update repository of openSUSE Backports 和 Update repository with updates from SUSE Linux Enterprise 15 软件库是必须要有的，其他的软件库可以去掉）

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[排错] RHEL 解决使用 yum 命令时卡住

报错代码

# yum update 
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity

可尝试的解决方法一：修改 /etc/yum/pluginconf.d/subscription-manager.conf 文件

# vim /etc/yum/pluginconf.d/subscription-manager.conf

将以下内容：

......
[main] 
enabled=1
......

修改为：

......
[main] 
enabled=0
......

可尝试的解决方法二：安装对应的 katello-ca-consumer-latest.noarch.rpm 软件包

（步骤略）

（补充：katello-ca-consumer-latest.noarch.rpm 软件包下载自对应的 Red Hat Satellite 服务器，补充链接：Red Hat Satellite client register）
Posted on

[内容] Linux 是 BIOS 启动模式还是 UEFI 启动模式的判断

内容一：Linux 判断是 BIOS 启动模式还是 UEFI 启动模式的原理

系统的的启动模式分为 BIOS 启动模式和 UEFI 启动模式两种 （截止到本文发表时）。如果 Linux 是使用的 UEFI 启动模式，则系统里会有 /sys/firmware/efi 文件，若没有此文件的话则代表系统的启动模式为 BIOS。

内容二：Linux 判断是 BIOS 启动模式还是 UEFI 启动模式的方法

# [ -d /sys/firmware/efi ] && echo 'The boot is UEFI' || echo 'The boot is BIOS'

补充：BIOS 启动模式和 UEFI 启动模式的特点

UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) 是一种比 BIOS (Basic Input/Outpu System) 更新的启动方式，相比而言主要的区别是 UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) 支持 Secure Boot。开启 Secure Boot 的系统在启动的时候更安全，但是某些杀毒软件会让开启 Secure Boot 的系统卡住。

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[步骤] 系统升级 （从 openSUSE Leap 15.3 升级到 openSUSE Leap 15.4）

步骤一：显示现在的系统版本

# cat /etc/*release*
NAME="openSUSE Leap"
VERSION="15.3"
ID="opensuse-leap"
ID_LIKE="suse opensuse"
VERSION_ID="15.3"
PRETTY_NAME="openSUSE Leap 15.3"
ANSI_COLOR="0;32"
CPE_NAME="cpe:/o:opensuse:leap:15.3"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.opensuse.org"
HOME_URL="https://www.opensuse.org/"

（注意：确保显示的系统版本是 openSUSE Leap 15.3）

步骤二：准备升级

2.1 确认已使用的软件库

# zypper ls -d
#  | Alias                     | Name                               | Enabled | GPG Check | Refresh | Priority | Type   | URI
---+---------------------------+------------------------------------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1  | repo-non-oss              | Non-OSS Repository                                           | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/leap/15.3/repo/non-oss/
2  | repo-oss                  | Main Repository                                              | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/leap/15.3/repo/oss/
3  | repo-update               | Main Update Repository                                       | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/15.3/oss/
4  | repo-update-non-oss       | Update Repository (Non-Oss)                                  | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/15.3/non-oss/
5  | repo-backports-update     | Update repository of openSUSE Backports                      | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/15.3/backports/
6  | repo-sle-update           | Update repository with updates from SUSE Linux Enterprise 15 | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/15.3/sle/

（
补充：
1) 确保以上软件库已处于 Enabled 状态
2) 手动启动这些软件库的命令如下

# zypper ar -fcg http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/leap/${releasever}/repo/non-oss/ Non-OSS Repository
# zypper ar -fcg http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/leap/${releasever}/repo/oss/ Main Repository
# zypper ar -fcg http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/${releasever}/oss/ Main Update Repository
# zypper ar -fcg http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/${releasever}/non-oss/ Update Repository (Non-Oss)
# zypper ar -fcg http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/${releasever}/backports/ Update repository of openSUSE Backports
# zypper ar -fcg http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/${releasever}/sle/ Update repository with updates from SUSE Linux Enterprise 15

）

2.2 刷新已使用的软件库

# zypper ref

（注意：确保刷新成功，否则请检查网络）

2.3 将所有 openSUSE Leap 15.3 软件包更新到最新版本

# zypper -n update

2.4 用 releasever 变量替换所有版本号

# sed -i 's/15.3/${releasever}/g' /etc/zypp/repos.d/*.repo

步骤三：升级系统

3.1 将版本号设置为 15.4 并刷新

# zypper --releasever=15.4 refresh

3.2 提前下载并安装 openSUSE Leap 15.4 所需的软件包

# zypper --releasever=15.4 dup --download-in-advance

3.3 升级系统

# zypper --releasever=15.4 dup

3.4 重启系统

# reboot

步骤四：后续检查

4.1 显示升级后的系统版本

# cat /etc/*release*
NAME="openSUSE Leap"
VERSION="15.4"
ID="opensuse-leap"
ID_LIKE="suse opensuse"
VERSION_ID="15.4"
PRETTY_NAME="openSUSE Leap 15.4"
ANSI_COLOR="0;32"
CPE_NAME="cpe:/o:opensuse:leap:15.4"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.opensuse.org"
HOME_URL="https://www.opensuse.org/"

4.2 显示升级后已使用的软件库

# zypper ls -d
#  | Alias                     | Name                                                         | Enabled | GPG Check | Refresh | Priority | Type   | URI
---+---------------------------+------------------------------------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1  | repo-non-oss              | Non-OSS Repository                                           | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/leap/15.4/repo/non-oss/
2  | repo-oss                  | Main Repository                                              | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/leap/15.4/repo/oss/
3  | repo-update               | Main Update Repository                                       | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/15.4/oss/
4  | repo-update-non-oss       | Update Repository (Non-Oss)                                  | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/15.4/non-oss/
5  | repo-backports-update     | Update repository of openSUSE Backports                      | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/15.4/backports/
6  | repo-sle-update           | Update repository with updates from SUSE Linux Enterprise 15 | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/15.4/sle/