内容一:查看此时的瞬间网络流量
# ip -s -h link
内容二:持续查看某张网卡的网络流量
# iftop -nN -i eth0
(补充:这里以持续查看名为 eth0 网卡的流量为例)
# ip -s -h link
# iftop -nN -i eth0
(补充:这里以持续查看名为 eth0 网卡的流量为例)
# yum update
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
# vim /etc/yum/pluginconf.d/subscription-manager.conf
将以下内容:
......
[main]
enabled=1
......
修改为:
......
[main]
enabled=0
......
(步骤略)
(补充:katello-ca-consumer-latest.noarch.rpm 软件包下载自对应的 Red Hat Satellite 服务器,补充链接:Red Hat Satellite client register)
系统的的启动模式分为 BIOS 启动模式和 UEFI 启动模式两种 (截止到本文发表时)。如果 Linux 是使用的 UEFI 启动模式,则系统里会有 /sys/firmware/efi 文件,若没有此文件的话则代表系统的启动模式为 BIOS。
# [ -d /sys/firmware/efi ] && echo 'The boot is UEFI' || echo 'The boot is BIOS'
UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) 是一种比 BIOS (Basic Input/Outpu System) 更新的启动方式,相比而言主要的区别是 UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) 支持 Secure Boot。开启 Secure Boot 的系统在启动的时候更安全,但是某些杀毒软件会让开启 Secure Boot 的系统卡住。
# cat /etc/*release*
NAME="openSUSE Leap"
VERSION="15.3"
ID="opensuse-leap"
ID_LIKE="suse opensuse"
VERSION_ID="15.3"
PRETTY_NAME="openSUSE Leap 15.3"
ANSI_COLOR="0;32"
CPE_NAME="cpe:/o:opensuse:leap:15.3"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.opensuse.org"
HOME_URL="https://www.opensuse.org/"
(注意:确保显示的系统版本是 openSUSE Leap 15.3)
# zypper ls -d
# | Alias | Name | Enabled | GPG Check | Refresh | Priority | Type | URI
---+---------------------------+------------------------------------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | repo-non-oss | Non-OSS Repository | Yes | (r ) Yes | Yes | 99 | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/leap/15.3/repo/non-oss/
2 | repo-oss | Main Repository | Yes | (r ) Yes | Yes | 99 | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/leap/15.3/repo/oss/
3 | repo-update | Main Update Repository | Yes | (r ) Yes | Yes | 99 | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/15.3/oss/
4 | repo-update-non-oss | Update Repository (Non-Oss) | Yes | (r ) Yes | Yes | 99 | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/15.3/non-oss/
5 | repo-backports-update | Update repository of openSUSE Backports | Yes | (r ) Yes | Yes | 99 | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/15.3/backports/
6 | repo-sle-update | Update repository with updates from SUSE Linux Enterprise 15 | Yes | (r ) Yes | Yes | 99 | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/15.3/sle/
(
补充:
1) 确保以上软件库已处于 Enabled 状态
2) 手动启动这些软件库的命令如下
# zypper ar -fcg http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/leap/${releasever}/repo/non-oss/ Non-OSS Repository
# zypper ar -fcg http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/leap/${releasever}/repo/oss/ Main Repository
# zypper ar -fcg http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/${releasever}/oss/ Main Update Repository
# zypper ar -fcg http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/${releasever}/non-oss/ Update Repository (Non-Oss)
# zypper ar -fcg http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/${releasever}/backports/ Update repository of openSUSE Backports
# zypper ar -fcg http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/${releasever}/sle/ Update repository with updates from SUSE Linux Enterprise 15
)
# zypper ref
(注意:确保刷新成功,否则请检查网络)
# zypper -n update
# sed -i 's/15.3/${releasever}/g' /etc/zypp/repos.d/*.repo
# zypper --releasever=15.4 refresh
# zypper --releasever=15.4 dup --download-in-advance
# zypper --releasever=15.4 dup
# reboot
# cat /etc/*release*
NAME="openSUSE Leap"
VERSION="15.4"
ID="opensuse-leap"
ID_LIKE="suse opensuse"
VERSION_ID="15.4"
PRETTY_NAME="openSUSE Leap 15.4"
ANSI_COLOR="0;32"
CPE_NAME="cpe:/o:opensuse:leap:15.4"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.opensuse.org"
HOME_URL="https://www.opensuse.org/"
# zypper ls -d
# | Alias | Name | Enabled | GPG Check | Refresh | Priority | Type | URI
---+---------------------------+------------------------------------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | repo-non-oss | Non-OSS Repository | Yes | (r ) Yes | Yes | 99 | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/leap/15.4/repo/non-oss/
2 | repo-oss | Main Repository | Yes | (r ) Yes | Yes | 99 | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/leap/15.4/repo/oss/
3 | repo-update | Main Update Repository | Yes | (r ) Yes | Yes | 99 | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/15.4/oss/
4 | repo-update-non-oss | Update Repository (Non-Oss) | Yes | (r ) Yes | Yes | 99 | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/15.4/non-oss/
5 | repo-backports-update | Update repository of openSUSE Backports | Yes | (r ) Yes | Yes | 99 | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/15.4/backports/
6 | repo-sle-update | Update repository with updates from SUSE Linux Enterprise 15 | Yes | (r ) Yes | Yes | 99 | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/15.4/sle/
# subscription-manager remove --all
# subscription-manager unregister
# subscription-manager clean
# yum remove katello-ca-consumer-*
# vim /etc/rhsm/rhsm.conf
确保部分内容如下:
......
hostname = subscription.rhsm.redhat.com
......
baseurl = https://cdn.redhat.com
......
# subscription-manager register --username <username> --password <password> --auto-attach
(注意:如果完成了本文的 2.1 就不用再执行 本文的 2.2 了)
# subscription-manager register
登录 Red Hat 官网 –> Red Hat Customer Portal –> subscriptions –> systems –> <system name> –> 添加订阅
# subscription-manager refresh
https://access.redhat.com/solutions/253273