Category: System Computer & System Hardware & System Installation & System Upgradation & System Rescue (系统电脑 & 系统硬件 & 系统安装 & 系统升级 & 系统拯救)

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[步骤] 系统升级 （从 openSUSE Leap 15.4 升级到 openSUSE Leap 15.5）

步骤一：显示现在的系统版本

# cat /etc/*release*
NAME="openSUSE Leap"
VERSION="15.4"
ID="opensuse-leap"
ID_LIKE="suse opensuse"
VERSION_ID="15.4"
PRETTY_NAME="openSUSE Leap 15.4"
ANSI_COLOR="0;32"
CPE_NAME="cpe:/o:opensuse:leap:15.4"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.opensuse.org"
HOME_URL="https://www.opensuse.org/"

（注意：确保显示的系统版本是 openSUSE Leap 15.4）

步骤二：准备升级

2.1 确认已使用的软件库

# zypper ls -d
#  | Alias                     | Name                               | Enabled | GPG Check | Refresh | Priority | Type   | URI
---+---------------------------+------------------------------------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1  | repo-non-oss              | Non-OSS Repository                                           | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/leap/15.4/repo/non-oss/
2  | repo-oss                  | Main Repository                                              | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/leap/15.4/repo/oss/
3  | repo-update               | Main Update Repository                                       | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/15.4/oss/
4  | repo-update-non-oss       | Update Repository (Non-Oss)                                  | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/15.4/non-oss/
5  | repo-backports-update     | Update repository of openSUSE Backports                      | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/15.4/backports/
6  | repo-sle-update           | Update repository with updates from SUSE Linux Enterprise 15 | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/15.4/sle/

（
补充：
1) 确保以上软件库已处于 Enabled 状态
2) 手动启动这些软件库的命令如下

# zypper ar -fcg http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/leap/${releasever}/repo/non-oss/ Non-OSS Repository
# zypper ar -fcg http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/leap/${releasever}/repo/oss/ Main Repository
# zypper ar -fcg http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/${releasever}/oss/ Main Update Repository
# zypper ar -fcg http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/${releasever}/non-oss/ Update Repository (Non-Oss)
# zypper ar -fcg http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/${releasever}/backports/ Update repository of openSUSE Backports
# zypper ar -fcg http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/${releasever}/sle/ Update repository with updates from SUSE Linux Enterprise 15

3) 其中，Main Repository、Main Update Repository、Update repository of openSUSE Backports 和 Update repository with updates from SUSE Linux Enterprise 15 软件库是必须要有的，其他的软件库可以去掉

）

2.2 刷新已使用的软件库

# zypper ref

（注意：确保刷新成功，否则请检查网络）

2.3 将所有 openSUSE Leap 15.4 软件包更新到最新版本

# zypper -n update

2.4 用 releasever 变量替换所有版本号

# sed -i 's/15.4/${releasever}/g' /etc/zypp/repos.d/*.repo

步骤三：升级系统

3.1 将版本号设置为 15.5 并刷新

# zypper --releasever=15.5 refresh

3.2 提前下载并安装 openSUSE Leap 15.5 所需的软件包

# zypper --releasever=15.5 dup --download-in-advance

3.3 升级系统

# zypper --releasever=15.5 dup

3.4 重启系统

# reboot

步骤四：后续检查

4.1 显示升级后的系统版本

# cat /etc/*release*
NAME="openSUSE Leap"
VERSION="15.5"
ID="opensuse-leap"
ID_LIKE="suse opensuse"
VERSION_ID="15.5"
PRETTY_NAME="openSUSE Leap 15.5"
ANSI_COLOR="0;32"
CPE_NAME="cpe:/o:opensuse:leap:15.5"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.opensuse.org"
HOME_URL="https://www.opensuse.org/"

4.2 显示升级后已使用的软件库

# zypper ls -d
#  | Alias                     | Name                                                         | Enabled | GPG Check | Refresh | Priority | Type   | URI
---+---------------------------+------------------------------------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1  | repo-non-oss              | Non-OSS Repository                                           | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/leap/15.5/repo/non-oss/
2  | repo-oss                  | Main Repository                                              | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/leap/15.5/repo/oss/
3  | repo-update               | Main Update Repository                                       | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/15.5/oss/
4  | repo-update-non-oss       | Update Repository (Non-Oss)                                  | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/15.5/non-oss/
5  | repo-backports-update     | Update repository of openSUSE Backports                      | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/15.5/backports/
6  | repo-sle-update           | Update repository with updates from SUSE Linux Enterprise 15 | Yes     | (r ) Yes  | Yes     |   99     | rpm-md | http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/15.5/sle/

（补充：其中，Main Repository、Main Update Repository、Update repository of openSUSE Backports 和 Update repository with updates from SUSE Linux Enterprise 15 软件库是必须要有的，其他的软件库可以去掉）

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Several situations of Linux automatically reboot without reboot logs in the /var/log/messages

Situation One

This Linux server is a virtual server. If we reboot it though its virtual software, there is no relevant logs in the /var/log/messages.

Situation Two

This Linux server is a member of a pacemaker cluster. If the pacemaker cluster software fences this server for protecting the whole cluster, there is no relate logs in the /var/log/messages.

Situation Three

This Linux server has critical problems in its system or hardware. Core panic of Linux and hardware problem both can reboot the system automatically without any reboot logs in the /var/log/messages.

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[排错] RHEL 解决使用 yum 命令时卡住

报错代码

# yum update 
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity

可尝试的解决方法一：修改 /etc/yum/pluginconf.d/subscription-manager.conf 文件

# vim /etc/yum/pluginconf.d/subscription-manager.conf

将以下内容：

......
[main] 
enabled=1
......

修改为：

......
[main] 
enabled=0
......

可尝试的解决方法二：安装对应的 katello-ca-consumer-latest.noarch.rpm 软件包

（步骤略）

（补充：katello-ca-consumer-latest.noarch.rpm 软件包下载自对应的 Red Hat Satellite 服务器，补充链接：Red Hat Satellite client register）
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[内容] Linux 是 BIOS 启动模式还是 UEFI 启动模式的判断

内容一：Linux 判断是 BIOS 启动模式还是 UEFI 启动模式的原理

系统的的启动模式分为 BIOS 启动模式和 UEFI 启动模式两种 （截止到本文发表时）。如果 Linux 是使用的 UEFI 启动模式，则系统里会有 /sys/firmware/efi 文件，若没有此文件的话则代表系统的启动模式为 BIOS。

内容二：Linux 判断是 BIOS 启动模式还是 UEFI 启动模式的方法

# [ -d /sys/firmware/efi ] && echo 'The boot is UEFI' || echo 'The boot is BIOS'

补充：BIOS 启动模式和 UEFI 启动模式的特点

UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) 是一种比 BIOS (Basic Input/Outpu System) 更新的启动方式，相比而言主要的区别是 UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) 支持 Secure Boot。开启 Secure Boot 的系统在启动的时候更安全，但是某些杀毒软件会让开启 Secure Boot 的系统卡住。