MariaDB – Eternal Center

介绍

基本信息

作者：朱明宇
名称：自动化部署 LNMP + SSL 平台
作用：自动化安装 LNMP + SSL，即通过 Linux、Nginx、MariaDB、PHP、php-fpm、SSL，实现 HTTPS

使用方法

1. 将网站的网页数据备份、网站的 SSL 公钥、网站的 SSL 私钥、网站的数据库备份和本脚本，5 个文件放在同一目录下
2. 如果没有网站的数据库备份则将网页数据备份、网站的 SSL 公钥、网站的 SSL 私钥和本脚本，4 个文件放在同一目录下
3. 在此脚本的分割线内写入相应的内容
4. 服务器都要开启 SELinux
5. 给此脚本添加执行权限
6. 执行此脚本：./<此脚本>

脚本分割线里的变量

1. webdomain=”eternalcenter.com” #网站的域名，注意不要在前面加任何前缀
2. webtar=”eternalcenter-backup-*.tar.gz”网站的网页数据备份，如果没有这个备份，可以下载一个开源的 WordPress 网页程序
3. webcrt=”eternalcenter.com.crt” #网站 SSL 的公钥，可以自己创建也可以在 FreeSSL 上申请
4. webkey=”eternalcenter.com.key” #网站 SSL 的私钥，可以自己创建也可以在 FreeSSL 上申请
5. sqlbackup=”eternalcenter-backup-*.sql” #网站数据库数据备份，如果没有这个备份（数据库是全量备份），则这里可以为空
6. db=”ec” #网站在数据库中库
7. dbuser=”ec” #网站在数据库中的用户
8. dbuserpw=”eternalcenter” #网站在数据库中的用户密码
9. dbrootpw=”eternalcenter” #数据库的 root 密码

注意

1. 服务器的系统需要是 Fedora 35 版本
2. 服务器系统要配置好可用的软件源
3. 服务器要能够连接外网

脚本

#!/bin/bash

####################### Separator ########################
webdomain="eternalcenter.com"
webtar="eternalcenter-backup-*.tar.gz"
webcrt="eternalcenter.com.crt"
webkey="eternalcenter.com.key"
sqlbackup="eternalcenter-backup-*.sql"
db="ec"
dbuser="ec"
dbuserpw="eternalcenter"
dbrootpw="eternalcenter"
####################### Separator ########################

#Determine whether SELinux is on
getenforce | grep Enforcing
if [ $? -ne 0 ];then
	echo "SELinux is not set to enforcing mode and cannot continue"
	exit 2
fi

#Determine whether the required file exists
ls $webtar
if [ $? -ne 0 ];then
	echo "No web page data backup, unable to continue"
	exit 2
fi

ls $webcrt
if [ $? -ne 0 ];then
	echo "Cannot continue without site public key"
	exit 2
fi

ls $webkey
if [ $? -ne 0 ];then
	echo "Unable to continue without site private key"
	exit 2
fi

#Update system
yum clean all
yum repolist
yum makecache
yum -y update

#Make sure the required software is installed
yum -y install tar
yum -y install firewalld

#Deploying Nginx
yum -y install nginx

echo 'worker_processes  1;

events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}

http {
    limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=one:10m rate=1r/s;
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    sendfile        on;

    keepalive_timeout  60;
    client_body_timeout 20s;
    client_header_timeout 10s;
    send_timeout 30s;

    server {
        listen       80;
        limit_req zone=one burst=5;
        server_name www.eternalcenter.com eternalcenter.com;

        rewrite ^/(.*)$ https://eternalcenter.com/$1 permanent;
      
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }

        }

    server {
        listen       443 ssl;
        server_name www.eternalcenter.com eternalcenter.com;

        if ($request_method !~ ^(GET|POST)$){
        return 444;
        }

        ssl_certificate      /etc/nginx/ssl/eternalcenter.com.crt;
        ssl_certificate_key  /etc/nginx/ssl/eternalcenter.com.key;

        ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m;
        ssl_session_timeout  5m;

        ssl_ciphers  HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
        ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;

        location ~ \.php$ {
            fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
            fastcgi_index index.php;
            include fastcgi.conf;
            fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /usr/share/nginx/html/$fastcgi_script_name;
            include fastcgi_params;
        } 

        location / {
        root html;
        index index.php index.html index.htm;

        if (-f $request_filename/index.html){rewrite (.) $1/index.html break;}
        if (-f $request_filename/index.php){rewrite (.) $1/index.php;}
        if (!-f $request_filename){rewrite (.) /index.php;}
        
        }

        location ~ ^/\.user\.ini {
        deny all;
        }
    
        location ~*\.(jpd|jpeg|gif|png|css|js|ico|xml)$ {
        expires 30d;
        }

        error_page  404              /404.html;

        }

        gzip on;
	gzip_min_length 1000;
	gzip_comp_level 4;
	gzip_types text/plain test/css application/json application/x-javascript text/xml application/xml
	application/xml+rss text/javascripts;

	client_header_buffer_size 1k;
	large_client_header_buffers 4 4k;

	open_file_cache max=2000 inactive=20s;
	open_file_cache_valid  60s;
	open_file_cache_min_uses 5;
	open_file_cache_errors off;

}' > /etc/nginx/nginx.conf

sed -i "s/server_name www.eternalcenter.com eternalcenter.com;/server_name www.$webdomain $webdomain;/" /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
sed -i "s@rewrite ^/(.*)$ https://eternalcenter.com/\$1 permanent@rewrite ^/(.*)$ https://$webdomain/\$1 permanent@" /etc/nginx/nginx.conf;
sed -i "s/eternalcenter.com.crt/$webcrt/" /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
sed -i "s/eternalcenter.com.key/$webkey/" /etc/nginx/nginx.conf

mkdir /etc/nginx/ssl
mv $webcrt /etc/nginx/ssl
mv $webkey /etc/nginx/ssl
chcon -t httpd_config_t /etc/nginx/ssl/$webcrt
chcon -t httpd_config_t /etc/nginx/ssl/$webkey
chcon -t httpd_config_t /etc/nginx/ssl/

rm -rf /usr/share/nginx/html/*
tar -xvf $webtar -C /usr/share/nginx/html/ && rm -rf $webtar
chcon -t httpd_sys_content_t -R /usr/share/nginx/html/*

yum -y install sendmail
yum -y install policycoreutils
setsebool -P httpd_can_network_connect 1
setsebool -P httpd_can_network_connect_db 1
setsebool -P httpd_can_sendmail 1
setsebool -P httpd_can_connect_ftp 1
setsebool -P httpd_unified 1
setsebool -P httpd_enable_cgi 1
setsebool -P httpd_builtin_scripting 1
setsebool -P mysql_connect_http 1

systemctl start nginx
systemctl enable nginx

#Deploy MariaDB
yum -y install mariadb mariadb-server

grep "^log_bin=" /etc/my.cnf.d/mariadb-server.cnf
if [ $? -ne 0 ];then
	sed -i '/^datadir/a log_bin=ec' /etc/my.cnf.d/mariadb-server.cnf
fi

grep "^binlog_format=" /etc/my.cnf.d/mariadb-server.cnf
if [ $? -ne 0 ];then
	sed -i '/^datadir/a binlog_format=\"mixed\"' /etc/my.cnf.d/mariadb-server.cnf
fi

grep "^server_id=" /etc/my.cnf.d/mariadb-server.cnf
if [ $? -ne 0 ];then
	sed -i '/^datadir/a server_id=51' /etc/my.cnf.d/mariadb-server.cnf
fi

sed -i 's/^plugin-load-add=auth_gssapi.so/#plugin-load-add=auth_gssapi.so/' /etc/my.cnf.d/auth_gssapi.cnf

sed -i '/^user=.*/d' /etc/my.cnf.d/mariadb-server.cnf
sed -i "/\[mysqld\]/a user=mysql" /etc/my.cnf.d/mariadb-server.cnf

sed -i '/^bind-address=.*/d' /etc/my.cnf.d/mariadb-server.cnf
sed -i "/\[mysqld\]/a bind-address=127.0.0.1" /etc/my.cnf.d/mariadb-server.cnf

chown -R mysql /var/lib/mysql

systemctl start mariadb
systemctl enable mariadb

ls $sqlbackup
if [ $? -ne 0 ];then
        mysql -uroot -e "create database $db;"
        mysql -uroot -e "create user \"$dbuser\"@\"localhost\" identified by \"$dbuserpw\";"
        mysql -uroot -e "grant all privileges on $db.* to \"$dbuser\"@\"localhost\" identified by \"$dbuserpw\";"
        mysql -uroot -e "set password for 'root'@'localhost'=password(\"$dbrootpw\")"
else
        mysql -uroot -e "create database $db;"
        mysql -uroot $db < $sqlbackup
	mysql -uroot -e "create user \"$dbuser\"@\"localhost\" identified by \"$dbuserpw\";"
	mysql -uroot -e "grant all privileges on $db.* to \"$dbuser\"@\"localhost\" identified by \"$dbuserpw\";"
	mysql -uroot -e "set password for 'root'@'localhost'=password(\"$dbrootpw\")"
	rm -rf $sqlbackup
fi
	
systemctl restart mariadb

#Deploy PHP
yum -y install php php-fpm php-mysqlnd php-gd php-mbstring php-opcache php-json php-xml php-xmlrpc php-pecl-zip php-pecl-imagick php-intl php-bcmath
useradd php-fpm -s /sbin/nologin
chown -R php-fpm:php-fpm /usr/share/nginx/html

sed -i /"^user =.*"/d /etc/php-fpm.conf
sed -i /"^group =.*"/d /etc/php-fpm.conf
sed -i /"^listen =.*"/d /etc/php-fpm.conf
sed -i /"^[www]"/d /etc/php-fpm.conf
sed -i /"^pm = .*"/d /etc/php-fpm.conf
sed -i /"^pm.start_servers = .*"/d /etc/php-fpm.conf
sed -i /"^pm.min_spare_servers = .*"/d /etc/php-fpm.conf
sed -i /"^pm.max_spare_servers = .*"/d /etc/php-fpm.conf
sed -i /"^pm.max_children = .*"/d /etc/php-fpm.conf
sed -i /"^pm.max_requests = .*"/d /etc/php-fpm.conf
sed -i /"^request_terminate_timeout = .*"/d /etc/php-fpm.conf

echo '[www]' >> /etc/php-fpm.conf
echo 'user = php-fpm' >> /etc/php-fpm.conf
echo 'group = php-fpm' >> /etc/php-fpm.conf
echo 'listen = 127.0.0.1:9000' >> /etc/php-fpm.conf
echo 'pm = dynamic' >> /etc/php-fpm.conf
echo 'pm.start_servers = 2' >> /etc/php-fpm.conf
echo 'pm.min_spare_servers = 2' >> /etc/php-fpm.conf
echo 'pm.max_spare_servers = 4' >> /etc/php-fpm.conf
echo 'pm.max_children = 4' >> /etc/php-fpm.conf
echo 'pm.max_requests = 1024' >> /etc/php-fpm.conf
echo 'request_terminate_timeout = 300' >> /etc/php-fpm.conf

systemctl start php-fpm
systemctl enable php-fpm

#Improve system performance
grep "^* soft nofile" /etc/security/limits.conf
if [ $? -ne 0 ];then
	echo '* soft nofile 1024' >> /etc/security/limits.conf
fi

grep "^* hard nofile" /etc/security/limits.conf
if [ $? -ne 0 ];then
	echo '* hard nofile 1024' >> /etc/security/limits.conf
fi

#Open firewall
systemctl start firewalld
systemctl enable firewalld
firewall-cmd --add-service=http --permanent
firewall-cmd --add-service=https --permanent
firewall-cmd --reload

#Limit log space
yum -y install rsyslog
systemctl enable --now rsyslog

echo "/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log {
        create 600 mysql mysql
        notifempty
	daily
        rotate 3
        missingok
        compress
    postrotate
	# just if mysqld is really running
        if [ -e /run/mariadb/mariadb.pid ]
        then
           kill -1 $(</run/mariadb/mariadb.pid)
        fi
    endscript
}" > /etc/logrotate.d/mariadb

echo "/var/log/nginx/*log {
    create 0664 nginx root
    size 1024M
    rotate 1
    missingok
    notifempty
    compress
    sharedscripts
    postrotate
        /bin/kill -USR1 `cat /run/nginx.pid 2>/dev/null` 2>/dev/null || true
    endscript
}" > /etc/logrotate.d/nginx

echo "/var/log/php-fpm/*log {
    size 100M
    rotate 1
    missingok
    notifempty
    sharedscripts
    delaycompress
    postrotate
        /bin/kill -SIGUSR1 `cat /run/php-fpm/php-fpm.pid 2>/dev/null` 2>/dev/null || true
    endscript
}" > /etc/logrotate.d/php-fpm

echo "/var/log/cron
/var/log/maillog
/var/log/messages
/var/log/secure
/var/log/spooler
{
    size 100M
    rotate 1
    missingok
    sharedscripts
    postrotate
        /usr/bin/systemctl kill -s HUP rsyslog.service >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
    endscript
}" > /etc/logrotate.d/rsyslog

#Delete this script
scriptwhere=`readlink -f "$0"`
rm -rf $scriptwhere

#Restart the system
reboot

内容一：事务的作用

事务的作用是保护数据的安全性

内容二：MariaDB & MySQL 事务的 4 大特性

2.1 原子性（Atomicity）

一系列操作被看作一个事务，这个事务里面的所有操作要么全部失败，要么全部成功，如果在操作的过程中出现中断，则立刻进行 rollback

2.2 一致性（Consistency）

一系列操作被看作一个事务，在事务开始前和结束后，整个库的完整逻辑约束不能被打破，例如：一个人向另一个人转账，不能出现一个人转账成功另一个人没有收到转账，或者一个人转账失败另一个人收到转账的情况

2.3 隔离性（Isolation）

主要解决并发的情况，避免不同的人，在相同的时间，查看到的数据的不一致性，避免以下情况的发生：
1) 脏读：一个事务读取了另一个事务更新、提交并撤销的数据，导致此事务看到的数据是错误的
2) 不可重复读：一个事务多次读取了另一个事务多次更新并提交的数据，导致此事务看到的数据是来回变化的
3) 幻读：一个事务在批量修改所有数据，但是在修改的过程中另一个事务又往里面插入了数据，导致此事务在修改完成之后，意外发现还有一条数据没有修改

2.4 持久性（Durability）

事务结束后，所有更新都将被保存，不能回滚

内容三：MariaDB & MySQL 事务隔离级别

3.1 MariaDB & MySQL 事务隔离级别的特点

事务隔离级别	脏读	不可重复读	幻读
读未提交（read-uncommitted）	是	是	是
不可重复读（read-committed）	否	是	是
可重复读（repeatable-read）	否	否	是
串行化（serializable）	否	否	否

3.2 MariaDB & MySQL 默认的事务隔离级别

可重复读 repeatable-read

3.3 查看目前所使用的事务隔离的方法

MariaDB [(none)]> select @@tx_isolation;
+-----------------+
| @@tx_isolation  |
+-----------------+
| REPEATABLE-READ |
+-----------------+
1 row in set (0.001 sec)

（补充：这里以查看 MariaDB 目前所使用的事务隔离为例）

Category: MariaDB

[步骤] MariaDB & MySQL 用户密码的修改

步骤一：查看 MariaDB & MySQL 中目前所有的用户、用户所属的服务器、密码的过期时间、最后修改密码的时间和密码的有效期

步骤二：创建要修改密码的用户

步骤三：修改 MariaDB & MySQL 用户的密码

Main Open Source Release Documentary

System

Red Hat Enterprise Linux

Database

MySQL

[工具] Shell 自动化部署 LNMP + SSL 平台（Fedora 35 版）

介绍